characteristics of ethiopian agriculture11 Apr characteristics of ethiopian agriculture
Adigrat University, College of Agriculture, Department of Animal Production and Technology, Adgrat, Tigray, Ethiopia Address: Adigrat University, P.O.Box 50 Abstract: Ethiopia is endowed with diverse cattle genetic resources adapted to various local environmental conditions and acquired unique features. [7] Please see below for the market overview and trade data. Land tenure rights as well as natural disasters, such as floods, hamper the countrys ability to quickly expand cotton production. 133 8.5.2. [7], By the mid-1960s, many sectors of Ethiopian society favored land reform. The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has embarked on a ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030) where agriculture is on the top of priority sectors. Fresh fruits, including citrus and bananas, as well as fresh and frozen vegetables, became important export items, but their profitability was marginal. <i>Objective</i>. For instance, in the case of seed, the current varieties are more than 20 years old and are degraded. The relationship between elevation, soil temperatures, soil chemical characteristics, and green coffee bean quality and biochemistry in southwest Ethiopia. In this regard, the CSA conducts, produces, disseminates and administers data generated from surveys and censuses in Ethiopia. [7], Government attempts to implement land reform also created problems related to land fragmentation, insecurity of tenure, and shortages of farm inputs and tools. However, it is also one of the poorest, with a per capita gross national income of $960. <i>Results . In fact, over 50% of the daily caloric intake of an average household is from wheat, sorghum, and corn. Source: Source: USDA/Foreign Agriculture Service, Addis Ababa, Total Market Size = (Total Local Production + Total Imports) (Total Exports). As a result, a number of Indian entrepreneurs are relocating to Ethiopia to develop its thriving flower industry which has led to gains in market share at the expense of neighboring countries. Consequently, individual holdings were frequently far smaller than the permitted maximum allotment of ten hectares. The directorates goal is to increase productivity, employment, technology transfer, and foreign exchange reserves by attracting investors with incentives and favorable land lease terms. Some estimates indicated that yields on peasant farms were higher than those on state farms. With 22% of children aged 5 to 14 working in the informal sector, the Department reported that "government efforts to address child labor have not sufficiently targeted sectors with a high incidence of child labor",[28] and cattle herding still figures among the goods listed in the DOL's List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor published in December 2014. Agricultural products account for . Please see below for the market overview and trade data. A lock ( A locked padlock ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. It began with the domestication of crops and animals. Available data on crop production show that land reform and the various government rural programs had a minimal impact on increasing the food supply, as production levels displayed considerable fluctuations and low growth rates at best. Land Use Distribution and Change in Lake Tana Sub Basin -- 23. The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has embarked on a ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030) where agriculture is on the top of priority sectors. processed food, beverages, and livestock products meat, milk, and eggs), as well as the textile/apparel and leather industries. Investments in cotton production, as well as any other agricultural commodity, require considerable due diligence because of a variety of complicated issues, including landownership rights and the potential for conflict. See, for example, Central Statistical Authority of Ethiopia, "National Statistical Abstract. [7] Multinational agribusinesses supply these industrial poultry farms with high yielding breeds, such as Rhode Island Reds and White Leghorns. The highest concentration of poultry is in Shewa, in central Wollo, and in northwestern Tigray. [10], Until the 1974 revolution, Ethiopia had a complex land tenure system, which some have described as feudal. Milk and dairy processing, and supporting equipment and systems. Commercial agriculture using the river basins, such as the Awash Basin, is a recent phenomenon. It has also enjoyed a considerable attention by the government. For instance, the 198485 official procurement price for 100 kilograms of teff was 42 birr at the farm level and 60 birr when the AMC purchased it from wholesalers. Recently, the GOE has permitted imports of basic food commodities using franco-valuta scheme to narrow supply and demand gap and reduce rising inflation in the country. Ethiopias cotton production is insufficient to meet the growing demand from the textile and apparel sector. Section D. Ethiopian farmers plough their land by combining the above tools for such three months to get yearly consumed food. Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey Wave1, 2011-2012. The study sought to assess the role of smallholder farming in crop productivity and market access . In addition, the GOE is looking to the agro-processing sector (also a best prospect sector detailed below) as one engine to spur future economic growth. With respect to increasing productivity, the GOE, alongside its international partners, has made a number of interventions to support the development of the agriculture sector. During 1983-84 the Ministry of Agriculture used "food for work" projects to raise 65 million tree seedlings, plant 18,000 hectares of land, and terrace 9,500 hectares of land. Public Communication Directorate Tel: +251-116-454441 Fax:+251-116-461294/465412 E-Mail:eiar@eiar.gov.et P.O.Box: 2003 Addis Ababa Ethiopia , Designed & Developed By Yonas T/birhan [7], Livestock production plays an important role in Ethiopia's economy. Ethiopia is also Africa's second biggest maize producer. Agriculture is the country's most promising resource management. However, information is lacking in Wolaita, Southern Ethiopia. The agricultural sector is subject to periodic drought, and poor infrastructure constrains the production and marketing of Ethiopia's products. This site contains PDF documents. Agriculture is one of the best prospect sectors for growth in Ethiopia. Private traders and the Agricultural Marketing Corporation (AMC), established in 1976, marketed Ethiopia's agricultural output. These three grains constitute the staple foods of a good part of the population and are major items in the diet of the nomads. As a result, vegetable oils are widely used, and oilseed cultivation is an important agricultural activity. The reforms success in supporting Ethiopias economic growth in part depends on the development of the agro-processing sector (e.g. There may also be future opportunities for equipment and systems to process these commodities. [24] As Ethiopia increasingly experiences the effects of climate change, drought, and desertification, experts predict that "Ethiopia will have to open its markets to grain imports in order to keep up with the growing demand for meat, milk, and eggs.". The soil was equilibrated with pH 7.5 buffer solution whereby reserve H is brought into the solution, which results in depression of pH which will be made and . Export sales of U.S. cotton are expected as demand increases. Most of these farmers lived in the Ethiopian Highlands, mainly at elevations of 1,500 to 3,000 meters. Section D. To evaluate the genetic diversity of Ethiopian potato cultivars, and to assess their relationship with germplasm from North America, Europe and the International Potato Center (CIP), 8303 SNP markers were used to characterize 44 local Ethiopian cultivars, as well as . Top 3 Trade Partners (2021): China, India, and United States. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS The ten-year plan called for an increase in the size of state farms producing coffee from 14,000 to 15,000 hectares to 50,000 hectares by 1994. Agricultural production has been highly dependent on natural resources for centuries [].However, increased human population and other factors have degraded the natural resources in the country thus seriously threatening sustainable agriculture and food security [2, 3]. According to Infomineo (2016), the key agricultural sectors in Ethiopia are the following: Coffee & tea; Ethiopia has a great potential for coffee production, thanks to the country's abundant rainfall, optimum temperatures, conducive altitude, and fertile soil. In the 20062007 EFY hides, skins and leather products made up 7.5% of the total export value; live animals accounted for 3.1% of the total value of exports during the same period. Blue Nile makes about 80% by volume of the Great Nile River. Agro-processing equipment (e.g. fruit crops, stimulant crops and sugar cane are cultivated by farmers and other agricultural sectors in Ethiopia. The poor performance of agriculture was related to several factors, including drought; a government policy of controlling prices and the free movement of agricultural products from surplus to deficit areas; the unstable political climate; the dislocation of the rural community caused by resettlement, villagization, and conscription of young farmers to meet military obligations; land tenure difficulties and the problem of land fragmentation; the lack of resources such as farm equipment, better seeds, and fertilizers; and the overall low level of technology. The sunrise marks the beginning of the day and the sunset marks the end of the day. Barley is grown mostly between 2,000 and 3,500 meters. [7] According to the Central Statistical Agency (CSA), in 2008 the average Ethiopian farmer holds 1.2 hectares of land, with 55.13% of them holding less than 1.0 hectare. Because most of the lowlands lack adequate rainfall, cotton cultivation depends largely on irrigation. In the case of the textile and apparel sector, a shortage of locally-produced cotton suggests a need for cotton imports, including from the United States. In addition, the ten-year development plan aims at boosting agricultural export revenues and substituting imports by reducing production costs. With support from the African Development Banks agricultural Technologies for African Agricultural Transformation program. Principal crops include coffee, pulses (e.g., beans), oilseeds, cereals, potatoes, sugarcane, and vegetables. @article{Haile1988CausesAC, title={Causes and Characteristics of Drought in Ethiopia. It then continues in summarising the main specific characteristics of agriculture: The land use function, the supply and demand characteristics, the contribution of the agricultural sector to the provision of positive externalities and public goods, food as a unique and most essential good and agriculture as a key element for the development of . Forestland, most of it in the southwestern part of the country, accounted for 4 percent of the total land area, according to the government. The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has identified key priority intervention areas to increase productivity of smallholder farms and expand large-scale commercial farms. Research on the constraints, characteristics, and performance of the enterprise sector in low-income countries is often constrained by scarcity . Tenant farmers in southern Ethiopia, where the average tenancy was as high as 55% and rural elites exploited farmers, welcomed the land reform. Most Ethiopians practice mixed agricultural activity which represents about 33.88 . The GOE, as part of its Livestock Master Plan (LMP), intends to transform this sector and increase production and exports of meat in order to generate foreign exchange. The report includes the market size, recent trends, industry statistics, and analysis. As a result, agriculture continued to grow, albeit below the population growth rate. Ploughing the land using these tools is ambiguous and time-consuming. Crop and Livestock Product Utilization (Private Peasant Holdings . Grain yields are relatively low due to the countrys rugged topography, poor land management, small-scale landholdings, irregular rainfall, limited mechanization, and insufficient supplies of fertilizer and improved seed. In view of this, a study was conducted to characterize the landscape features and related biophysical settings and to identify the local soil . First, the recurring droughts had devastated the country's main areas where pulses and oilseeds were grown. Wubne, Mulatu. Estimates for 1987 indicated that livestock production contributed one-third of agriculture's share of GDP, or nearly 15 percent of total GDP. The principal grains in Ethiopia are Teff, Wheat, Barley, Corn, Sorghum, and Millet. the agriculture sector in Ethiopia relies to a greater extent on availability of suitable land, moisture, climatic . The Ethiopian Herald (Addis Ababa) Urban agriculture utilizes resources such as land that have high demand for other urban uses . The manufacturing sector plays a marginal role in employment generation, exports, output, and inter-sectoral linkages. Agriculture, which constituted 46 percent of GDP and more than 80 percent of exports, is by far the most important economic activity in the Ethiopian economy. Furthermore, the GOE vowed to begin exporting wheat to neibhouring countries by 2023 by tapping into the huge production potential due to its various favorable agro-ecologies and through expansion of wheat production area under irrigation to achieve self-sufficiency and reduce wheat imports. The government's price controls and the AMC's operations had led to the development of different price systems at various levels. By 1990 the state had begun to develop large poultry farms, mostly around Addis Ababa, to supply hotels and government institutions. The expected growth from these agriculture-related industries offers numerous opportunities for agricultural input sales, such as tractors and harvesters, farm trucks, fertilizer, irrigation equipment, grain handling systems, food and livestock processing equipment, as well as cold storage facilities. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 11(4): 301-316. Citation: Kehali Jembere, Tekalign Mamo and Kibebew Kibret, 2017. [7], Agricultural productivity under the Derg continued to decline. The high concentration of animals in the highlands, together with the fact that cattle are often kept for status, reduces the economic potential of Ethiopian livestock. A large chunk of this commercially produced red meat, most of which is currently mutton and goat meat is exported to the Middle East in order to generate foreign exchange. Cookies on OCLC websites. Livestock and Livestock Characteristics (Private Peasant Holdings) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) Agriculture is the backbone of the economy of the country as the following facts indicate. Land Utilization (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season) 2020/21 (2013 E.C.) During the 1970s, coffee exports accounted for 50-60% of the total value of all exports, although coffee's share dropped to 25% as a result of the economic dislocation following the 1974 revolution. The objective of the LSMS-ISA is to collect multi-topic panel household level data with a special focus on improving agriculture statistics and the link between . The 1977 famine also provided an impetus to promote conservation. In Ethiopia, agriculture is the mainstay of the majority of the population and major driver of the national economy. Accordingly, state farms received a large share of the country's resources for agriculture; from 1982 to 1990, this totaled about 43% of the government's agricultural investment. Agriculture in Ethiopia. It purchased grain from peasant associations at fixed prices. Ethiopias development plan has laid out enhancing agricultural production and productivity as one of the major strategic pillars. Agriculture is the mainstay of the Ethiopian economy, contributing 41.4% of the country's gross domestic product (GDP), 83.9% of the total exports, and 80% of all employment in the country (Matousa, Todob, & Mojoc, 2013). Yet agriculture is the country's most promising resource. As reviewed from different literatures household demographic characteristics, household resource endowments, social, cultural, infrastructural, institutional and economic factors influence the . Pulses, grown widely at all altitudes from sea level to about 3,000 meters, are more prevalent in the northern and central highlands. Ethiopian Agricultural Research Institute (EIAR), Ethiopian Trading Business Corporation (ETBC). Facing a Foreign Trade AD/CVD or Safeguard Investigation? In particular, demand for cooking oil, sugar, meat, eggs, dairy products, wheat-based products, such as pasta and bread, alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages, are forecast to climb upward. Ethiopia follows the Julian calendar consisting of 12 months of 30 days each and a 13th month of 5 or 6 days. The GOE imposes an export ban on cereal grain and local prices are often higher than what they are on the international market. [14], The most important cash crop in Ethiopia was coffee. Most of these crops are exported to generate foreign exchange. Since then, export earnings from this sector have grown to about US$65 million in 200607 and are projected to double over the next few years. Excluding the Afar and Somali Regions, there were approximately 47.5 million cattle, 26.1 million sheep, 21.7 million goats, 2.1 million horses and mules, 5.6 million donkeys, 1 million camels, and 39.6 million poultry. Agriculture as a key element for the development of other sectors 3 3. Private companies are allowed to import food commodities including wheat, rice, sugar, powder milk, and cooking oils. }, author={Tesfaye Haile}, journal={Ethiopian Journal of Agricultural Sciences}, year={1988}, volume={10}, pages={85-97} } T. Haile; Published 14 July 1988; Geography; Ethiopian Journal of Agricultural Sciences Ethiopia's agricultural sector has developed favourably over the past decade, but rapid population growth, limited access to fertile land, and volatile agricultural outcomes pose problems for the . [7], Ethiopia's coffee is almost exclusively of the arabica type, which grows best at altitudes between 1,000 and 2,000 meters. Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey Wave2, 2013-2014. In EFY 197475, pulses and oilseeds accounted for 34% of export earnings (about 163 million Birr), but this share declined to about 3% (about 30 million Birr) in EFY 198889. For example, during the pre-reform period, sixty-one out of 200 farmer respondents owned three or four parcels of land; after the reform, the corresponding number was 135 farmers. Grain imports are almost exclusively limited to wheat, nearly all of which the GOEs state-trading arm (i.e., Ethiopian Trading Business Corporation) purchases off the international market and later distributes in the local market at a subsidized price. The Ethiopian Government set up the Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) to reach certain goals between 2011 and 2015. [7], Imperial government policy permitting investors to import fertilizers, pesticides, tractors and combines, and (until 1973) fuel free of import duties encouraged the rapid expansion of large-scale commercial farming. Furthermore, cropping has become more intensive and needs more labour; the establishment of exclosures and the expansion of cropland have led to less grazing grounds. Lithosols, Cambisols, Nitosols, Vertisols, Xerosols, Solonchaks, Fluvisols and Luvisols cover more than 80% of the country, and are the most important soils. Young herders take their text books of the upcoming school year to the grazing grounds. (2013). Before the revolution, large-scale commercial cotton plantations were developed in the Awash Valley and the Humera areas. Agriculture. [7], Before the Ethiopian Revolution, pulses and oilseeds played an important role, second only to coffee, in the country's exports. Over 60% of Ethiopian coffee is produced as forest coffee . According to the World Bank, agricultural production increased at an average annual rate of 0.6 percent between 1973 and 1980 but then decreased at an average annual rate of 2.1 percent between 1980 and 1987. Individual poultry farms supply eggs and meat to urban dwellers. It features and analyzes the country's agricultural progress from 1960s to date, and some . For northwest and central Ethiopia, fertilizer usage determinants are estimated simultaneously with technology-specific production functions. In this regard, Ethiopia is looking to expand development efforts to fight land degradation and to reduce pollution; reduce Green House Gas (GHG) emissions; increase forest protection and development; increase production of electricity from renewable sources for domestic use and for export; and focus on modern and energy saving technologies. The country intends to be a middle-income economy by 2025. University students led the land reform movement and campaigned against the government's reluctance to introduce land reform programs and the lack of commitment to integrated rural development. These programs should also result in Ethiopia getting to middle income status by 2025. Potential niche market for wheat and soybean exports. Characteristics of agricultural landscape features and local soil fertility management practices in Northwestern Amhara, Ethiopia. Almost all farming tools in Ethiopia are traditional and made from different types of wood. 2. Exports are almost entirely agricultural commodities, and coffee is the largest foreign exchange earner. The first, found in areas with relatively good drainage, consists of red-to-reddish-brown clayey loams that hold moisture and are well endowed with needed minerals, with the exception of phosphorus. Only 15 percent of the roads are paved; this is a problem particularly in the highlands, where there are two rainy seasons causing many roads to be unusable for weeks at a time. However, expansion was constrained by inadequate nutrition, disease, a lack of support services such as extension services, insufficient data with which to plan improved services, and inadequate information on how to improve animal breeding, marketing, and processing. With the support of the IMF, the Ethiopian government has developed an ambitious Homegrown Economic Reform Planto propel the countrys economic progress. Primarily, growth in the market should reach 8.1 percent per year during this time frame. In addition, some of Ethiopias cash crops show potential for growth and offer possible investment opportunities in areas such as coffee, oilseeds, pulses, fruits and vegetables, honey, cut flowers, tea, and spices. . Ethiopia's crop agriculture is complex, involving substantial variation in crops grown across the country's different regions and ecologies. The agriculture sector is projected to grow at 6.2% per annum over the next ten years. In the dry lowlands, persistent winds also contribute to soil erosion. Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy. [25], Both the imperial and the Marxist governments tried to improve livestock production by instituting programs such as free vaccination, well-digging, construction of feeder roads, and improvement of pastureland, largely through international organizations such as the World Bank and the African Development Bank. Area, Production and Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Belg Season) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) Among the top priorities identified by the GOE include: small and large-scale irrigation development, financing agricultural inputs, increasing productivity of crops and livestock, improving agricultural production methods using mechanization, post-harvest loss reduction, developing a research-based food security system, and natural resource management. Meat and milk yields are low and losses high, especially among calves and young stock. The existence of so many land tenure systems, coupled with the lack of reliable data, made it difficult to give a comprehensive assessment of landownership in Ethiopia, as well as depressed the ability of peasants to improve themselves. APDF readeris available from Adobe Systems Incorporated. Practically all animals are range-fed. Feed manufacturing, feed ingredients and feed milling equipment. Ethiopia's agriculture is plagued by periodic drought, soil degradation[1] caused by overgrazing, deforestation, high levels of taxation and poor infrastructure (making it difficult and expensive to get goods to market). Because of drought, which has repeatedly affected the country since the early 1970s, a poor economic base (low productivity, weak infrastructure, and low level of technology), and overpopulation, the agricultural sector has performed poorly. Mia MacDonald and Justine Simon (2010) Climate, Food Security, & Growth: Ethiopia's Complex Relationship with Livestock. [31] ploughing the land to soften the land takes three months and from sowing and seedling to the harvesting of the crops requires three to four months. Meat and poultry processing, and supporting equipment and systems. Wubne, Mulatu. Increased production as well as imports are required to close this gap. To achieve this, the GOE seeks to leverage on developing huge unutilized arable land, modernizing production systems, and improving uptake of technology. Advanced Search Citation Search . This government-led outreach, combined with low labor and electricity costs, has already yielded fruits with a number of Turkish, Indian, Chinese, Indonesian and other foreign firms opening businesses in Ethiopia in recent years. Per capita meat consumption was high by developing countries' standards, an estimated thirteen kilograms annually. A couple of U.S. investors have also entered the market. Common vegetables include onions, peppers, squash, and a cabbage similar to kale. Ethiopia is home to one of the largest livestock populations in Africa. This method was widely used in Ethiopia and southern Ethiopia because it is recommended for soils requiring more than one ton of lime per acre and soils with a pH of less than 5.8 [15]. Volume II, Report on Livestock and Livestock Characteristics. UNJP-RWEE was a five-year long initiative with the objective of accelerating the economic empowerment of rural women . Local demand for meat, milk and eggs is growing as the economy and population grow. Overview. Please see below a summary of agricultural focus areas and objectives laid out in Ethiopias ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030). Private . Despite this potential, however, Ethiopian agriculture has remained underdeveloped. Explain the main contribution, potentials, characteristics , and problems of Ethiopian agriculture. Agriculture in the Lake Tana Sub-Basin of Ethiopia -- 24. External links to other Internet sites should not be construed as an endorsement of the views or privacy policies contained therein. Where the topography permits, they are suitable for farming. This article is the second in a series that seek to examine the role of agriculture as a developmental opportunity for Africa. Thus, this study aimed at investigating the physiographic characteristics of agricultural lands, farmers . The third most important oilseed is sesame, which grows at elevations from sea level to about 1,500 meters. [9], The population in the lowland peripheries (below 1,500 meters) is nomadic, engaged mainly in livestock raising. Ethiopia's major industries include agriculture, construction, manufacturing, resources and . The chicken business also shows promising opportunities. However, the expected level was not achieved. [11], Another major component of the Derg's agricultural policy was the development of large-scale state farms. To implement this strategy, the government relied on peasant associations and rural development, cooperatives and state farms, resettlement and villagization, increased food production, and a new marketing policy. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Trade. The Ethiopian Socioeconomic Survey (ESS) is a collaborative project between the Central Statistics Agency of Ethiopia (CSA) and the World Bank Living Standards Measurement Study- Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA) team. Coffee grows wild in many parts of the country, although most Ethiopian coffee is produced in the Oromia Region (63.7%) and in the SNNPR (34.4%), with lesser amounts in the Gambela Region and around the city of Dire Dawa. Researchers found however that, since transhumance takes place in summer, during school holidays, the transhumance in itself does not affect schooling. Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season) 2020/21 (2013 E.C.) Note: Top 3 trade partners are calculated by imports + exports. Agriculture, which constituted 46 percent of GDP and more than 80 percent of exports, is by far the most important economic activity in the Ethiopian economy. The most important agricultural exports include coffee, hides and skins (leather products), Pulses, oil seeds, beeswax, and, increasingly, tea. landholdings are tiny, fragmented and unsuitable for modern methods of agriculture. Growing demand for water supply and drainage systems, pumps, and drilling equipment is expected. The contribution of agriculture to growth in the manufacturing and services sectors was not significant between 1978 and 1998. As many as 4.6 million people need food assistance annually. "Ethiopia: Share of economic sectors in the gross domestic product (GDP) from 2010 to 2020", "Agriculture in Ethiopia: data shows for a large part Agriculture still retained its majority share of the economy", "The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia: Selected Issues Series", "National Statistical Abstract.
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